BACTERIAL ADSORPTION

Hydroxyapatite's propensity to adsorb protein is well known, and when supplied in a toothpaste, nano's particles gather up and help remove plaque fragments and a variety of oral pathogens, in particular the Mutans streptococci family of bacteria, which are known to be a major cause of tooth decay. This bacterial adsorption function of nano has been closely studied in Japan, including with researchers from Japan's National Institute for Infectious Diseases and Nihon University, and results confirm that nano shows superior bacterial adsorption compared with other forms of calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite,¹ exhibits strong selectivity for cariogenic Mutans Streptococci² while also adsorbing a range of periodontal and opportunistic pathogens such as P.gingivalis and Candida,^2,3 and may also, with continued use, bring about a modest but benign shift in the oral microbial flora.⁴

I Nano microbial adsorption studies

(1) By type of hydroxyapatite (Kondo 1999)

(2) By type of microbe (Arakawa 2002)

(3) SEM observation (a x 20,000, b,c,d x 50,000) (Fujimaru 2007)

_{a. S.mutans b. P.gingivalis}

_{c. A.actinomycetem d. C. albicans}

^{Examples of microbial adsorption by nano particles}

II Reduction of cariogenic Mutans Streptococci in the total oral flora (clinical trial) (Kono 2014)

_{1. Kondo et al, Study of Streptococcus Mutans Adherence to Hydroxyapatite, J Dent Hlth 49(4): 614-615, 1999

(Japanese language)

2. T.Arakawa et al, , J Dent Res 81:1478, San Diego Abstracts, 2002

3. T.Fujimaru et al, Adsorption of Oral Pathogenic Microbes by Small Crystal Hydroxyapatite, J Dent Res 86:1121, New Orleans Abstracts, 2007

4. Y.Kono et al, Development of a Technique for Removing Oral Pathogenic Microorganisms using Hydroxyapatite: Clinical Study Report, Nihon University School of Dentistry 2014 (Unpublished)( Japanese language)}